雅思写作考试中,写作分数普遍偏低,是因为很多考生因为学识或者社会阅历等各方面原因对于书面表达的正式风格并不熟悉。所以下面由济南新航道雅思频道介绍4种客观表达观念的方法:
一 避免太多的人化主语
口语中我们很习惯用“某个人做某件事”来构成基本句式,以至于议论文中有的考生依然写的是这样的句子:
More and more young students go abroad because they want to get better education and find a better job in the future. I think that they may have problems in study and also in life.
上例中句的主句和状语从句中都是以某个人开始的,第二句中主句和宾语从句也是以人做主语。虽然说这两个句子的WPS(每句中的词汇数)都超过10个,应该说不能算是写的特别初级的简单句,如果句法和词汇没有问题还是很有希望达到6分的。但如果全篇都是这样的句式,整个文章就显得幼稚,类似于记叙文写作,突破不了7分。
其实改法很简单:我们只要避免从“某个人”开始句子就可以了,也就是说用比较客观的就事论事的态度。如:避免“学生出国”,只写“出国”;避免“他们想要…”,只写“想要…”。这样,上面的句子就可以写成:go abroad to get better education and find a better job in the future,不但很客观,而且把原来的主句和从句两部分精简处理成了一个动词短语。既可以做谓语动词加上原来的一个主语构成句子,也可以用不定式、动名词和分词处理为非谓语动词做主语、宾语或者状语,还可以以从句的形式处理。至于原来句中的主语young students可以用介词短语的形式插入不定式或者动名词短语中,而下面的句子里的评价部分的内容提上来做主句的谓语,组成一个新的句式。
另外,第二例句中的“have”,一般情况下主语都是某个人,而在写作中多为“there be”句型所代替,更加客观。所以上面的两个例句就可以合并成一句:
除了一般的“某个人做某件事情”和“…have…”句型,常见的人化主语的句型还有很受考生偏爱的几个情态动词,如can, may, should等。一般建议前两个改成It is likely /possible to do/ that….;后一个改成It is necessary/ imperative/ highly expected/ suggested that sth. be done.的句式,请看下面的例示:
We can go anywhere we like with our bicycle. → It is possible for us to go anywhere we like with our bicycle.
To curb global warming, our government should promulgate new laws to govern the felling of trees.→ To curb global warming, it is imperative that our government promulgate new laws to govern the felling of trees.
归纳起来说,议论文中我们要积极避免“某个人”做主语,尽量用不定式、动名词或者一个从句做主语,谓语动词用评价性的动词充当,这样就可以由记叙文性质的“过程性句式”顺利转化成更符合议论文文风的客观评价性的句式。
二 名词化
写作中把原本用动词或者形容词表达的地方换成名词叫做名词化(nominalization)。名词化是为了避免太多动词造成的句法处理上的困难,同时也可以把某些陈述型的句式转化成更客观的评价句,更符合议论文的文体要求。如:
Our monitor didn’t come today. He has got a flu.
很明显这两个小句可以用因果关系的信号词连成一句:Because our monitor has a flu, he didn’t come today.,但这个because引导的原因状语从句以及其它的状语从句是考生们很常用的复合句,虽然看似比较复杂,其实仍然是某个人做主语。如果非谓语动词掌握得好,可能我们会想到用Having a flu, our monitor didn’t come today.如果我们把前后两部分分别用一个概括性的名词来替代,中间加上我们熟悉的表示因果关系的动词,这个句子就非常符合议论文的风格:The flu caused the absence of our monitor today.或者The absence of our monitor is because of his illness.至少我们可以尽量将其中的一个小句变成名词,减少某个人做主语的口语化句式的出现频率。
三 被动句式的使用
在比较正式的新闻、商务、法律等英语文体中,被动句式因为其更突出客观性的宾语或者事实被广为使用。雅思的图表分析和议论文都是比较正式的文体,所以我们也应该注意多用被动句式。尤其是在以下两个方面:
1.主语不确定
Someone murdered the millionaire last night.→ The millionaire was murdered last night.
2. 主语是泛指很多人或者大部分人
To improve the air quality, we should reduce the use of private cars. → To improve the air quality, the use of private cars should be reduced.
Most people think that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.→ It is widely believed that we can get a large share of benefit in the sales campaign.
被动句的用法不仅体现在主句中,在从句、非谓语动词短语中都有可能用到,如:
It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to control the software piracy. → It is important for nations all over the world to join hands to have the software piracy controlled.
I don’t expect that she returned. → She is not expected to have returned.
四 个别表达
如more and more/ a lot等口语化的短语尽量避免,可以用increasing(ly), a large number of…/a great deal of…./swarms of…等代替。此外缩略形式也是正式的写作中要避免的。
以上就是济南新航道雅思频道为大家带来的如何成就雅思写作高分的全部内容。