动词不定式：
动词不定式的时态和语态
1)构成：(以动词“do”为例)
主动态：一般式"to do"；完成式"to have done"；进行式"to be doing"；完成进行式“to have been doing”
被动态：一般式"to be done"；完成式“ to have been done"
否定式：not+不定式
2)不定式的时态：
①不定式的一般式表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或之后发生。
He seems to know her address．(：=It seems that he knows her address．)I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out．
b 常用在"believe，consider，suppose，think，know，report，say，understand"等动词的被动式之后。
He is thought／known／believed／said／supposed to be living in this area = People think／know/ believe／ say／suppose that she is living abroad．[据认为(据知，据信，据说，据猜测)她住在国外。]
[注]“be supposed to”通常含有“应该”意思，表示一定的责任和义务。
He seems to have been eating the apples．(苹果尚未完全吃光。)
③不定式的完成体还可以表达本该发生却未发生的事情常带这种不定式的谓语动词有：“pretend，intend， appear，seem，should like，expect"等。
I meant to have telephoned you，but I forgot．
There is no time to lose／to be lost．(时间紧迫不能耽误了。前后意义无差别。)
There b nothing to do／to be done．(没事可干／无能为力。前后意义有差别。)
④习惯上用“to let(出租)”，“to blame(责怪)”的主动形式表示被动意义。
Nobody was to blame for the accident．(这场事故不能怪任何人。)
分词既具有动词的一些特征(可以有自己的逻辑宾语)，又具有形容词(可以作定语、表语、宾补、主补)和副词(状语)的特征。
(1)分词的时态和语态
被动态：一般式“being done；完成式(having been done)
否定式：一般式(not doing／not being done)；完成式(not having done／not having been done)
[注]“V-ing”分词的被动态结构表示它的逻辑主语是"V-ing"分词所表示的动作的承受者。
The problem being discussed is of importance．
Having been invited to speak．I’ll start making preparations this evening．
②过去分词的构成(V-ed)：
只有一种形式(done)，表示被动意义已完成了的动作或状态。1
Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance．
My taxes having been paid the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning．
②现在分词的完成式表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前，常用作状语。
Having finished her homework，she went to bed．
Having worked in the fields for two hours．they had a rest．
动名词既具有动词的一些特征(允许有自己的宾语)，又具有名词的一些特征(可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语等)。
动名词的时态与语态
2)时态：
①动名词的完成式表示其动作先于谓语动词的动作。
He was praised for having made such a contribution to the company．
②动名词的一般式也可表示一个先于谓语动词的动作。
I remember seeing a film．
He admitted to stealing the book．
3)动名词的被动语态：
①动名词的被动语态表示它的逻辑主语是动名词所表示的动作的承受者。
He was so surprised at being discovered that he didn’t even try to run away．
The workers were proud of their products being praised highly by the buyers．
新航道
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