托福听力速记符号一览

 

　　济南新航道专注于济南托福培训，2014年托福考试时间已经发布，为了帮助考生们更好地学习、备考托福，新航道托福为大家整理了托福听力速记符号一览，希望对各位考生有所帮助。

　　托福听力笔记技巧能够有大作用，如果大家能够掌握，就能提高托福听力笔记的记录速度，从而尽可能多的把握托福听力段子的正确信息，如果大家能够掌握，会对成绩有很大的帮助。

　　Abbreviations in Note taking

　　Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.

　　Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.

　　S = sum

　　f = frequency

　　Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.

　　cf = compare

　　e.g. = example

　　dept = department

　　Use only the first syllable of a word.

　　pol = politics

　　dem = democracy

　　lib = liberal

　　cap = capitalism

　　Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.

　　pres = presentation

　　subj = subject

　　ind = individual

　　cons = conservative

　　Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.

　　assoc = associate

　　biol = biology

　　info = information

　　ach = achievement

　　chem = chemistry

　　max = maximum

　　intro = introduction

　　conc = concentration

　　min = minimum

　　rep = repetition

　　Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.

　　ppd = prepared

　　prblm = problem

　　estmt = estimate

　　bkgd = background

　　gvt = government

　　Use an apostrophe in place of letters.

　　am't = amount

　　cont'd = continued

　　gov't = government

　　educat'l = educational

　　Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.

　　chpts = chapters

　　egs = examples

　　fs = frequencies

　　intros = introductions

　　Use g to represent ing endings.

　　ckg = checking

　　estg = establishing

　　decrg = decreasing

　　exptg = experimenting

　　Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.

　　Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.

　　Leave out unimportant words.

　　Leave out the words a and the.

　　If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.

　　Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.

　　& = and

　　w/ = with

　　w/o = without

　　vs = against

　　\ = therefore

　　= = is or equal

　　Use technical symbols where applicable.

　　zb = German, for example

　　ibid = Latin, the same work

　　o = degrees

　　H2O = water

　　More reference:

　　Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:

　　+ plus

　　// parallel

　　Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:

　　eg example

　　IT dept Information Technology department

　　UK United Kingdom

　　Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:

　　mar marketing

　　cus customer

　　cli client

　　Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:

　　subj subject

　　budg budget

　　ind individual

　　To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:

　　tech'gy technology

　　gen'ion generalisation

　　del'y delivery

　　Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:

　　assoc associated

　　ach achievement

　　info information

　　Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:

　　bkgd background

　　mvmt movement

　　prblm problem

　　Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:

　　custs customers

　　fs frequencies

　　/s ratios

　　Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:

　　decrg decreasing

　　ckg checking

　　estblg establishing

　　Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:

　　in

　　but

　　as

　　key

　　Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:

　　is

　　was

　　were

　　Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:

　　a

　　an

　　the

　　If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:

　　January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB

　　Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:

　　@ at

　　2 to

　　4 for

　　& and

　　w/ with

　　w/o without

　　vs against

　　Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.

　　Other Symbols and Abbreviations

　　as a result of / consequences of <--->

　　resulting in --->

　　and / also +

　　equal to / same as =

　　following ff

　　most importantly *

　　less than <

　　greater than > especially esp/

　　缩略词

　　英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。很显然如果能熟练掌握缩略词，会对考试大有裨益。

　　缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：

　　一、拿掉所有元音

　　MKT: market

　　MGR: manager

　　MSG: message

　　STD: standard

　　RCV: receive

　　二、保留前几个字母

　　INFO information

　　INS insurance

　　EXCH exchange

　　I owe you IOU

　　In stead of I/O

　　三、保留开头和结尾个发音字母

　　WK week

　　RM room

　　PL people

　　四、根据发音

　　R are

　　THO though

　　THRU through

　　常用英语缩略词表

　　缩略词 原词

　　APT Apartment

　　ACC Accountant

　　ACDG According

　　ACPT Accept

　　AD Advertisement

　　ADS Address

　　ADV Advice

　　AMAP As much/many as possible

　　AMT Amount

　　APV Approve

　　ASAP As soon as possible

　　BAL Balance

　　BLDG Building

　　CERT Certificate

　　CFM Conform

　　CNCL Cancel

　　CNF Conference

　　CMI Commission

　　CMP Complete

　　CMPE Compete/competitive

　　CMU Communication

　　CONC Concern/concerning/concerned

　　COND Condition

　　CO. Company

　　DEPT Department

　　DISC Discount

　　DPT Departure

　　EXCH Exchange

　　EXPLN Explain

　　EXT Extent

　　FLT Flight

　　FNT Final

　　FRT Freight

　　FYR For your reference

　　GD Good

　　GUAR Guarantee

　　H.O. Home office

　　INFO Information

　　IMPS Impossible

　　IMP(T) Important

　　INCD Include

　　INDIV Individual

　　INS Insurance

　　INTST Interested

　　I/O In stead of

　　IOU I owe you

　　IVO In view of

　　MANUF Manufacture

　　MDL Model

　　MEMO Memorandum

　　MGR Manger

　　MIN Minimum

　　MKT Market

　　MSG Message

　　NCRY Necessary

　　NLT No later than

　　OBS Observe

　　OBT Obtain

　　ORD Ordinary

　　PAT Patent

　　PC Piece

　　PKG Packing

　　PL People

　　PLS Please

　　POSN Position

　　POSS(BL) Possible

　　PROD Product

　　QLTY Quality

　　QUTY Quantity

　　RCV Receive

　　REF Reference

　　REGL Regular

　　REP Representative

　　RESN Reservation

　　RPT Repeat

　　RESPON Responsible

　　SEC Section

　　SITN Situation

　　STD Standard

　　TEL Telephone

　　TEMP Temporary

　　TGM Telegraph

　　THO Though

　　TKS Thanks

　　TRD Trade

　　TRF Traffic

　　TTL Total

　　U You

　　UR Your

　　WK Week

　　WL Will

　　WT Weight

　　XL Extra large

　　字母、图像

　　Z 表

　　Z 表示"人"people/person，因为"Z"看上去像个人头，它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如：日本人：JZ。

　　C 表示政府，统治：government，govern 希腊字母C读/ga:ma/,近似government, 所以就用C来表示govern, government。governmental official 可以表示为 CZ

　　P 表示政治：politics, political希腊字母P读/pai/,近似politics, political。那么politician就可以表示为 PZ

　　E 表示总数：total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E 数学符号表示总值。

　　G 表示效率：efficient, effective。G为效率符号。

　　Q 表示"通货膨胀"：inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。

　　A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到，所以用首字母代替。

　　B 表示商业：business。

　　C× 表示冲突，矛盾：conflict， confrontation "C×"中的"×"表示反对，字母"C"将反对的概念缩小为conflict 和 confrontation。

　　W 表示工作，职业: work, employ 等。它是work的个字母。所以WZ就可以用来表示worker, 而W(Z在字母上方表示employer, 在字母下方表示employee)。

　　i 表示工业: industry, industrial 字母i 像只烟囱，所以用来可以用来表示工业。

　　U U 看酷似一个酒杯，在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty, agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示"举杯祝贺"。如果在U内填入2××××，就可以表示为bilateral(双边的), 填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示: Unilateralism(单边主义)，填入m (multiple) 表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个"/"××××表示谈判破裂。

　　O 表示"国家"、"民族"、"领土"等：country, state, nation, etc.gO表示进口，Og表示出口

　　这个符号酷似一把椅子，可以表示主持、主办：chair, host, preside over。那么在此符号上加Z表示主席，主持人：chairman, host, etc.

　　T 表示"领导人"：leader, head那么head of government, head of company 便可以表示为 CT

　　⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting，conference， negotiation，seminar，discussion，symposium

　　k 这个符号看上像条鱼，所以表示"捕鱼业"等合fishery 有关的词汇。

　　O 圆圈代表地球，横线表示赤道，所以这个符号就可以表示国际的、世界的、全球的等: international, worldwide, global, universal, etc.

　　J 表示开心：pleasant, joyful，happy，excited, etc.

　　L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.

　　EO 表示听到、总所周之：as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.

　　O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷：indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc.

　　数学符号

　　+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.

　　++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级：more

　　+3 表示"多"的最：most

　　- 表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.

　　× 表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，negative, etc.

　　> 表示"多于"概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.

　　表示"高" 概念：superior to，surpass, etc.

　　< 表示"少于"概念：less/smaller，etc.

　　表示"低"概念：inferior to，etc.

　　= 表示"同等"概念：means，that is to say， in other words，the same as，be equal to, etc.

　　表示"对手"概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.

　　( ) 表示"在......之间"：among, within, etc.

　　≠ 表示"不同"概念：be different from, etc.

　　表示""概念：matchless, peerless, etc.

　　～ 表示"大约"概念：about/around，or so， approximately, etc.

　　/ 表示"否定"，"消除"等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.

　　标点等

　　: 表示各种各样"说"的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.

　　? 表示"问题"：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?

　　. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, ".2m"表示two month ago。"y"表示this year, "y2." two year later"next week", 可以表示为"wk."

　　∧ 表示转折

　　√ 表示"好的"状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.

　　表示"同意"状态，stand up for，support， agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.

　　☆ 表示"重要的"状态：important，exemplary(模范的) best，outstanding，brilliant，etc.

　　n 表示"交流"状态：exchange，mutual, etc.

　　& 表示"和"，"与"：and，together with，along with， accompany，along with，further more，etc.

　　∥ 表示"结束"：end，stop，halt，bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.

　　较长单词的处理办法

　　-ism 简写为 m 例如：socialism Sm

　　-tion 简 简写为 n 例如：standardization (标准化) stdn

　　-cian 简 简写为 o 例如：technician techo

　　-ing 简写为 g 例如：marketing (市场营销) MKTg

　　-ed 简写为 d 例如：accepted acptd

　　-able/ible/ble 简写为 bl 例如：available avbl

　　-ment 简写为 mt 例如：amendment amdmt

　　-ize 简写为 z 例如：recognize regz

　　-ful 简写为 fl 例如：meaningful mnfl

　　当然最重要的是自己要觉得合适才好，而不能盲目使用，最后自己也不知道自己写的是什么。

　　以上就是济南新航道托福频道为大家整理的托福听力速记符号一览，希望对大家有帮助，更多托福资讯以及济南托福培训等相关信息访问济南新航道托福频道https://jn.xhd.cn/toefl/