修辞目的题怎么做？

　　在托福官方指南中给出的修辞目的题的题干有以下三种：

　　The author discusses X in paragraph 2 in order to . . .

　　Why does the author mention X?

　　The author uses X as an example of . . .

　　其实这类题就是问作者提到X的目的是什么。X往往就是作者举的一个例子。我们知道在写作中，例子是用来支持观点的。并且在托福阅读中这个观点一般出现在二个位置：①该例子的前一句，②例子所在段落的首句。

　　种情况，X的目的是支持前一句的观点

　　…But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing.

　　8.Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have “reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing”?

　　前一句：或许绘画是由增加猎物供应量的需求所激发的

　　例子：岩洞绘画似乎是在旧石器时代晚期结束的时候到达顶峰，这一时期猎物的数量在减少。

　　我们接下来分析例子：当猎物数量减少的时候，增加猎物供应量的需求增大，，需求增大导致岩洞绘画数量增加。因此这个例子正好是支持前一句中的观点。回到选项中，我们发现正好对应的就是选项2.

　　○To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce

　　为了说明当猎物数量减少时，旧石器时代晚期艺术不再描绘动物

　　○To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting

　　为了支持绘画的目的是为了增加猎物的供应量

　　○To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period

　　为了强调旧石器时代晚期岩洞绘画质量的继续提升

　　○To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period

　　为了表明猎物数量下降和旧石器时代晚期结束之间的直接关系

　　第二种情况：X的目的是支持该段首句的观点

　　Paragraph 3: Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.

　　7. In paragraph 3, the author mentions William Murdoch’s invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to

　　首句：Watt的蒸汽机很快显示了它的作用。

　　前一句：引擎通过泵排除矿井里的水，这使得矿井可以越挖越深。

　　例子：煤的便利使用导激发了William Murdoch 在1790年代研发出1500年来新型照明设备。

　　首先例子的前一句不是观点句，而是描述具体事实，前一句和例子本身是并列关系，共同说明引擎带来煤的便利使用，最终导致夜间照明设备的出现。而引擎(Watt蒸汽机)导致夜间照明设备发明正好支持了首句的观点：Watt的蒸汽机很重要。因此选项1是正确的。

　　○indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engine

　　表明Watt的蒸汽机带来的一个重大发展

　　○make the point that Watt's steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial Revolution

　　表明Watt蒸汽机不是对工业革命重要的发明

　　○illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution

　　表明煤作为原料对工业革命的重要性

　　○provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source

　　举了18世纪另一个使用蒸汽做能源的发明

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