SAT阅读素材：遗传学之父

　　孟德尔1822年7月20日出生于奥地利西里西亚，是遗传学的奠基人，被誉为现代遗传学之父。他通过豌豆实验，发现了遗传规律、分离规律及自由组合规律。

　　1822年出生于当时奥地利海森道夫地区的一个贫苦农民家庭，他的父亲擅长于园艺技术，在父亲的直接熏陶和影响之下，孟德尔自幼就爱好园艺。1843年，他中学毕业后考入奥尔谬茨大学哲学院继续学习，但因家境贫寒，被迫中途辍学。1843年10月，因生活所迫，他步入奥地利布隆城的一所修道院当修道士。从1851年到1853年，孟德尔在维也纳大学学习了4个学期，系统学习了植物学、动物学、物理学和化学等课程。与此同时，他还受到了从事科学研究的良好训练，这些都为他后来从事植物杂交的科学研究奠定了坚实的理论基础。1854年孟德尔回到家乡，继续在修道院任职，并利用业余时间开始了长达12年的植物杂交试验。关于他的事例也被许多英语考试所引用，sat阅读中就有其大量的素材：

　　Key words: father of genetics

　　Gregor Mendel

　　Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), Austrian monk, whose experimental work became the basis of modern hereditary theory. Mendel was born on July 22, 1822, to a peasant family in Heinzendorf (now Hynčice, Czech Republic). He entered the Augustinian monastery at Brünn (now Brno, Czech Republic), which was known as a center of learning and scientific endeavor.

　　He later became a substitute teacher at the technical school in Brünn. There Mendel became actively engaged in investigating variation, heredity, and evolution in plants at the monastery's experimental garden. Between 1856 and 1863 he cultivated and tested at least 28,000 pea plants, carefully analyzing seven pairs of seed and plant characteristics.

　　His tedious experiments resulted in the enunciation of two generalizations that later became known as the laws of heredity. His observations also led him to coin two terms still used in present-day genetics: dominance, for a trait that shows up in an offspring; and recessiveness, for a trait masked by a dominant gene.

　　Mendel published his important work on heredity in 1866. Despite, or perhaps because of, its descriptions of large numbers of experimental plants, which allowed him to express his results numerically and subject them to statistical analysis, this work made virtually no impression for the next 34 years.

　　Only in 1900 was his work recognized more or less independently by three investigators, one of whom was the Dutch botanist Hugo Marie de Vries, and not until the late 1920s and the early '30s was its full significance realized, particularly in relation to evolutionary theory.

　　As a result of years of research in population genetics, investigators were able to demonstrate that Darwinian evolution can be described in terms of the change in gene frequency of Mendelian pairs of characteristics in a population over successive generations.

　　Mendel's later experiments with the hawkweed Hieracium proved inconclusive, and because of the pressure of other duties he ceased his experiments on heredity by the 1870s. He died in Brünn on January 6, 1884.

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